CVP and GI Pathology Exam 3 Practice

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• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis involves mutations in which genes?
• What is the earliest symptom of chronic bronchitis?
• Which statement is true regarding cyanosis in COPD?
• Extralobar sequestration is tissue located outside the normal lung and typically has its own pleural covering.
• Early-phase blood culture positivity for Streptococcus pneumoniae is most commonly around which range?
• Which statement about Pancoast tumors is correct?
• Chronic pneumonia caused by mycobacteria is most characteristic of which disease?
• Destruction of lung parenchyma leads to a reduction in which vascular structures?
• The development of emphysema is influenced by several factors, including inflammatory mediators, protease imbalance, oxidative stress, and infection. Which condition does this pertain to?
• Which disease is characterized by non-caseating granulomas and often involves lymph nodes and lungs?
• Blood in the pleural cavity that can be a fatal complication after ruptured aortic aneurysm or vascular trauma is termed what?
• A 60-year-old smoker with a long history of productive cough develops progressive dyspnea and edema; imaging shows bilateral pleural effusions and an enlarged heart. Which microscopic finding is most characteristic of COPD in this patient?
• Not all smokers develop COPD. About 10% are non-smokers.
• Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs. Which disease is described?
• Which symptom may be absent in influenza?
• For small cell lung carcinoma, which treatment is most commonly used upfront?
• Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis include which of the following?
• Which type of emphysema predominantly affects the upper lobes and is commonly seen in heavy smokers?
• Pulmonary hamartoma is best described as which tissue composition?
• Which asbestos-related lung disease is characterized by interstitial fibrosis?
• Sarcoidosis may present with which extrapulmonary finding?
• Pleural plaques from asbestos exposure are located on which pleural surface?
• Which histologic feature is typically present in usual interstitial pneumonia but may be absent in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia?
• Hyaline membranes are most associated with which condition?
• Sequestration located external to the lung and within its own pleural covering is called what?
• Which remodeling change involves an increase in the number of bronchial smooth muscle cells?
• What is the main type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
• Which feature is typically seen in usual interstitial pneumonia but not in nonspecific interstitial pneumonia?
• Bronchospasm with non-immune triggering mechanisms; no history of allergies and serum IgE levels are normal.
• Which mechanism explains how COPD or interstitial lung disease can progress to pulmonary hypertension?
• What is the most common type of emphysema?
• Which term refers to non-inflammatory collections of serous fluid within the pleural cavities?
• Major cause of life-threatening lower respiratory tract infections and meningitis in young children?
• Leakage of excessive interstitial fluid which accumulates in alveolar spaces describes which condition?
• Which type of pulmonary edema is associated with left heart failure and results in heavy wet lungs with brown induration?
• Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left-heart failure is categorized as which group?
• Adenocarcinomas of the lung are more common in which group and usually have which location?
• The pleural cavity is partially or completely filled by fluid exudate, tumor, blood or air (pneumothorax). This describes which condition?
• Sputum samples may contain Curschmann's spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals in which condition?
• Which term describes a lung collapse due to external compression from a pleural space-occupying lesion or effusion?
• Small cell carcinoma is usually associated with which risk factor?
• Extralobar sequestrations represent what percentage of cases and present in which population as mass lesions?
• Lung hamartomas are classically composed of which tissue components?
• Which type of pulmonary edema is characterized by pneumonia, injury to alveolar septa, increased permeability, and pulmonary pressure normal?
• Chronic exposure of ______ leads to progressive respiratory fibrosis/failure.
• Chronic bronchitis is defined by persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months per year for at least 2 consecutive years. Which option correctly places this diagnosis at index 2?
• Severe persistent cough, worse in morning, with foul-smelling sputum sometimes bloody. Which condition?
• Which term is synonymous with 'shock lung'?
• Which statement is consistent with a microvascular cause of pulmonary edema?
• An attack of pulmonary embolism can mimic a myocardial infarction attack.
• A benign lung lesion discovered incidentally commonly contains cartilage, cellular fibrous tissue, and fat. What is this lesion?
• Pulmonary hypertension of multifactorial etiology is classified as which group?
• Barrel-shaped chest with hyperinflated lungs is most characteristic of which condition?
• Permanent dilation of bronchioles and bronchi caused by chronic necrotizing infections best describes?
• What is the most common type of asthma, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity that begins in childhood?
• Which inflammatory cell is found in almost all subtypes of asthma?
• Intermittent attacks of diarrhea, flushing, and cyanosis describe which syndrome?
• Which statement is NOT typical of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?
• Complete obstruction of an airway leading to resorption of the oxygen trapped in the alveoli defines which type of atelectasis?
• Which term describes a reversible disorder that reduces oxygenation and predisposes to infection?
• IPF cause is best described as which of the following?
• Which tumors are associated with scars and endocrine neoplasia?
• Irregular linear densities on chest X-ray are seen in which occupational lung disease (as referenced)?
• Non-smokers are most likely to develop which type of lung cancer?
• Autoantibody against type IV collagen in the basement membranes of renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli defines which syndrome?
• Which lung carcinoma is the most aggressive and commonly associated with paraneoplastic syndromes?
• Which disease of the pleura is strongly linked to asbestos exposure?
• Non-atopic asthma triggers can include which of the following?
• Aspiration pneumonia is most likely to occur in which patient scenario?
• Pneumoconioses is best described as a disease resulting from exposure to specific airborne agents.
• A non-smoker with a pneumonia-like infiltrate that resolves to a peripheral mass is most likely to have which lung cancer?
• What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
• Autoimmune disease presenting with ANCAs that often affects the upper airways and lungs.
• Emphysema is a reversible enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.
• Unremitting asthma attack that can be fatal is called what?
• Which term refers to pleural fluid that is serous and non-inflammatory in origin?
• Which cells act as progenitors to replace Type I cells and produce surfactant?
• The classic radiographic pattern in sarcoidosis is bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy with which appearance?
• Which lung cancer is the most common in women and nonsmokers and tends to be located peripherally?
• The hallmark of which disease is airway hyper-responsiveness leading to bronchoconstriction?
• Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia is characterized by polypoid plugs of loose organizing connective tissue called what?
• The clinical course of influenza is __________.
• The clinical course of influenza is best described as which of the following?
• TERT and TERC encode for which enzyme?
• Which asthma type is the most common and IgE-mediated beginning in childhood?
• Small cell carcinomas are radiosensitive.
• Which type of lung cancer is defined primarily by its location at the apex of the lung?
• The lung lesion described as nodules of connective tissue intersected by epithelial clefts lined with ciliated or non-ciliated columnar epithelium is called?
• Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is usually seen with which type of tumor?
• Sarcoidosis is a systemic caseating granulomatous disease of unknown cause.
• The bat-wing radiographic pattern is classically linked to which disease?
• Which histologic change best describes the airway remodeling seen in asthma?
• Which statement best defines extralobar sequestration?
• Which condition is different from the usual interstitial pneumonia by the absence of fibroblastic foci, honeycombing, hyaline membranes, and granulomas?
• A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough is known as which condition?
• In the TNM staging of lung cancer, what does the N component signify?
• Which statement accurately describes Type II alveolar cells?
• On chest film, hamartoma appears as a rounded opacity or coin lesion.
• Which lung cancer is most strongly associated with smoking and tends to be aggressive?
• Pleural plaques are composed predominantly of what material?
• Which disease is described as having Masson bodies with no fibrosis or honeycomb lung?
• Which statement about compression atelectasis is true?
• In emphysema, a physical examination may reveal cyanosis in the nail beds due to hypoxemia. Which other statement is true about cyanosis in COPD?
• Which type of atelectasis is due to local or generalized fibrotic changes and is NOT reversible?
• What disease results from massive carbon dust exposure in coal miners, leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis?
• The lung carcinoma most commonly associated with ectopic hormone production is which type?
• Bronchiectasis is defined as permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of which tissues?
• What is the most common manifestation of asbestos exposure?
• Ground-glass opacities on chest imaging with a restrictive pattern are most consistent with which condition?
• Aspiration pneumonia is most likely to occur in which patient scenario?
• Autoimmune disease involving the upper respiratory tract and/or lungs, with presence of ANCAs.
• Intralobar sequestration is located within a lobe and shares the pleural covering with adjacent lung.
• A singular small Ghon complex on chest radiograph is most characteristic of infection with which organism?
• Pleural plaques are typically:
• Which condition in the pleural space can occur after trauma and presents with blood accumulation?
• The category of asthma described by a genetic predisposition to make IgE antibodies is known as?
• Noncardiogenic (microvascular) pulmonary edema is best described by which combination?
• In compression atelectasis, the mediastinum shifts in which direction relative to the affected lung?
• Malignant mesothelioma can be due to smoking.
• True or False: Atelectasis is irreversible and predisposes to infection.
• A 60-year-old man with a heavy smoking history presents with a persistent cough and a central lung lesion near the right hilum and hypercalcemia. Which diagnosis is most likely?
• Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is more common in which group and has what location?
• Which pairing is correct?
• Blastomycosis is caused by inhalation of microscopic fungal spores in the air. Which infection name corresponds to this description?
• Which statement about Pancoast tumors is true?
• Contraction atelectasis is seen after ______ and in chronic infection.
• Pleural effusion is defined as the accumulation of pleural fluid due to conditions such as congestive heart failure, pneumonia, atelectasis, or mediastinal carcinomas.
• Finger clubbing is particularly associated with which pulmonary disease?
• Pulmonary hypertension due to lung parenchymal disease or hypoxia is classified in which group?
• Which syndrome is marked by progressive pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure with unknown cause?
• In intralobar sequestration represents what percentage of sequestration cases?
• In the TNM staging of lung cancer, what does the M component signify?
• A 50-year-old man with progressive dyspnea and no fever has chest imaging showing bilateral interstitial linear opacities with ground-glass shadows. Pulmonary function tests indicate a restrictive pattern. Which set of pathological changes is most likely in the lungs?
• The respiratory system is assessed by examining sputum and performing which procedure?
• Compression of sympathetic ganglion by a growing tumor results in which syndrome?
• What is the name of a pneumothorax where the entering air cannot escape from the chest cavity?
• In sarcoidosis, which organ is commonly involved along with the lungs?
• Bronchiectasis is characterized by dilation of the bronchi due to destruction of supporting tissues; which condition matches this description?
• Term used to describe widespread ALI with rapid progressive course of unknown etiology?
• Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is classified in which group?
• Which syndrome is characterized by ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis?
• Small cell carcinomas are incurable by which therapy?
• A person who works at a foundry, or who mines hard rocks, or sandblasts would be most likely to develop which condition?
• In the classification of pulmonary hypertension, Group 1 includes disorders that involve the small pulmonary muscular arteries. This group is known as:
• The mildest coal-induced pulmonary lesion is called what?
• Which radiographic feature is commonly seen in chronic bronchitis?
• Secondary bacterial pneumonia after a viral respiratory illness is most commonly caused by which organism?
• In how many years do very few mesothelioma patients survive?
• A lesion involving nodules of connective tissue intersected by epithelial clefts is which diagnosis?
• Adenocarcinomas are more common in which groups?
• Which infectious disease may affect almost all tissues of the body, especially the lungs?
• Lung abscess is most frequently caused by which mechanism?
• Bronchiectasis involves permanent dilation of which airways?
• Which condition is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and is strongly associated with smoking?
• Hyaline membranes are a histologic hallmark of which condition?
• In chronic bronchitis or COPD, which feature best characterizes the small airways with goblet cell hyperplasia?
• Hoarseness is a clinical feature of invasion of which nerve?
• Fourth leading cause of death in the US; 90% of cases related to smoking?
• What term describes the irreversible enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole?
• Autoantibodies against which basement membrane component characterize Goodpasture syndrome?
• The major manifestations of influenza may consist only of fever, headache, muscle aches, and pains in the legs.
• In the TNM staging system for lung cancer, what does the T category represent?
• Bronchogenic foregut cysts are typically lined with which histologic features?
• Which statement about idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is true?
• Which imaging finding is most characteristically associated with hamartoma on chest radiograph?
• Which organism is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in adults?
• Which of the following is a common manifestation of atopy?
• Which lung cancer is typically located peripherally?
• Extralobar sequestration most commonly presents as a mass lesion outside the lung and is typically seen in which demographic?
• A systemic non-caseating granulomatous disease of unknown cause that may involve many tissues and organs is known as:
• Masson bodies are histologic features most characteristic of which condition?
• Which lung tumor is described as the most aggressive, frequently metastasizes, radiosensitive, and strongly linked to smoking?
• Approximately what percentage of pulmonary emboli originate from deep vein thrombosis?
• Which statement best describes Type I alveolar cells?
• Bat-wing appearance on chest radiographs is commonly associated with which disease?
• Curschmann's spirals are mucus plugs and shed epithelia seen in severe asthma. Which option correctly identifies them?
• What condition involves blood clots occluding pulmonary arteries, with more than 95% originating from DVT in the legs?
• Which lung cancer is defined as a poorly differentiated tumor that cannot be classified as squamous or adenocarcinoma?
• Autoantibody against type IV collagen in the basement membranes of renal glomeruli and pulmonary alveoli defines which syndrome?
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is commonly diagnosed using which two specimen tests?
• Pulmonary sequestration is characterized by arterial supply from which vessel?
• Within how many months do 50% of malignant mesothelioma patients die?
• Hypertrophy of bronchial glands occurs during airway remodeling. Which option is correct?
• The sputum finding of Curschmann's spirals and Charcot-Leyden crystals is associated with which stage of asthma?
• Which of the following is a pneumoconiosis condition?
• Cannon-ball lesions are associated with which condition?
• A patient with a mass obstructing the main bronchus presenting with hemoptysis; Which tumor is most likely?
• In chronic bronchitis, cyanosis is more widespread. Which disease feature supports this statement?
• Bronchiectasis can develop in association with cystic fibrosis, intralobar sequestration, postinfectious conditions from TB/Staph, and autoimmune disorders.
• A discrete area of lung tissue that lacks any connection to the airway system and has abnormal blood supply arising from the aorta or its branches is called?
• Which cancer type originates from connective tissue or other non-epithelial tissue?
• In obstructive lung disease, which change is true?
• Intralobar sequestrations represent what percentage of cases?
• Emphysema involves irreversible enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles.
• What term describes defective development of both lungs, often due to in utero compression or impaired expansion?
• What percentage of cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae will have positive blood cultures in the early phase?
• Pneumoconioses results from occupational exposure to specific airborne agents.
• Which lung cancer type is most commonly found in men and is closely linked to smoking, often appearing centrally on imaging?
• Which radiographic finding is most characteristic of asbestos exposure?
• Diffuse fibrosis due to inhalation of coal dust is known as which condition?
• Which lung cancer type is typically central in location and strongly associated with smoking?
• Anthracosis is symptomatic or asymptomatic?
• Foregut cysts arise from abnormal detachments of the primitive foregut and are often located in which region?
• A patient presents with hemoptysis and autoantibodies against type IV collagen. Which disorder fits this description?
• Which histologic pattern best describes the emphysematous change seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
• Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is most accurately described by which term?
• Incomplete expansion or collapse of a previously inflated lung is called what?
• Adenocarcinoma tends to occur in which patient profile?
• Which type of emphysema is associated with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and tends to involve the lower lungs?
• Atelectasis is reversible.
• Which pleural condition is defined by lymph in the pleural cavity?
• Which label is commonly used to describe chronic bronchitis?
• What is the term for a pneumothorax in which air is trapped and cannot escape?
• A growing Pancoast tumor can cause Horner's syndrome due to involvement of sympathetic pathways. Which syndrome would result?
• Which term describes air or gas in the pleural cavity?
• Which lung cancer is most commonly located centrally near the hilum?
• Which condition is characterized by the abrupt onset of significant hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates?
• Which disease is characterized by permanent dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to destruction of the muscle and elastic tissue?
• Which of the following is a clinical feature of ALI/ARDS?
• An 11-year-old boy with cough and wheeze during spring has high IgE and eosinophilia. Histology of an acute attack is most likely to show which feature?
• A physical examination finding in ALI/ARDS includes cyanosis in which areas?
• The epithelial lining of hamartoma clefts could be lined with which type of epithelium?
• A 3 cm well circumscribed peripheral lung mass with a greyish white gelatinous glistening surface and histology showing nodules of connective tissue intersected by epithelial cells. What is the diagnosis?
• Which lesion is classically described as a coin lesion on radiographs?
• Which pleural pathology involves lymph accumulating in the pleural space?
• Which cancer is described as the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world?
• Asbestosis is associated with which pulmonary tumor?
• Bronchogenic foregut cyst is rarely connected to the __________.
• Complete obstruction of an airway leads to which type of atelectasis?
• IPF stands for which condition?
• Pulmonary hypertension due to multiple etiologies is classified as which group?
• Which condition is caused by sensitization from intense prolonged exposure to inhaled organic antigens?
• Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by NSAIDs shifts eicosanoid production toward which mediators, promoting bronchoconstriction?
• Which of the following is a sign indicating respiratory failure in ALI/ARDS?
• Which feature is NOT seen on chest X-ray in emphysema?
• Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is commonly referred to as which condition?
• Sarcoma is a malignant tumor of which tissue type?
• Type of asthma that can be irreversible due to airway remodeling (sub-basement membrane fibrosis, hypertrophy of bronchial glands, and smooth muscle hyperplasia)
• Increased pulmonary artery ______ to blood flow leads to elevated pulmonary artery ______.
• On chest X-ray, emphysema would most characteristically show which finding in the pulmonary vasculature?
• Which statement about contraction atelectasis is true?
• Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) abbreviation stands for which disease?
• Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia presents with Masson bodies and no fibrosis or honeycomb lung.
• Which syndrome results from a lung tumor compressing the superior vena cava, causing swelling of the face, JVD, and visible chest veins?
• A systemic disease that may affect the lungs and is characterized by non-caseating granulomas with common bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy on chest X-ray is which disease?
• Which form of lung cancer is almost always metastatic and not curable by surgery, but may respond initially to radiation?
• Hypercalcemia associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is most commonly mediated by which peptide?
• Blastomycosis is an infection caused by inhaling microscopic fungal spores. This description identifies which infection?
• Which cancer type is most frequently diagnosed worldwide?
• Intralobar sequestration differs from extralobar sequestration in that intralobar sequestration shares which anatomical feature?
• Most Pancoast tumors are which type of cancer?
• Which lung cancer type is most strongly associated with smoking and tends to be central on radiographs?
• A patient with long-term sandblasting exposure develops pneumonia-like symptoms without fever or sputum. Which cell type is most responsible for the pathogenesis of this disease?
• Atopy is the genetic predisposition to make which antibodies in response to allergen exposure?
• What is the term for air in the pleural space?
• Which statement about non-atopic asthma regarding skin test positivity is correct?
• Ghon complex on chest X-ray indicates primary infection with which organism?
• Pancoast tumors are defined primarily by their location at the apex of the lung. Which of the following best describes this definition?
• Bronchiectasis is described as destruction of supporting smooth muscle and elastic tissue, bronchi become dilated and smaller bronchioles are obliterated due to fibrosis.
• Occupational exposure to asbestos is most closely associated with which pleural disease?
• Which of the following is not a traditional component of airway remodeling described in asthma?
• A 65-year-old woman with ptosis, miosis, and enophthalmos has a chest x-ray showing a right upper lobe opacity. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which finding tends to occur late in the disease course?
• Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is more common in which demographic?
• Which term describes increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries?
• In about 20% of mesothelioma cases, involvement includes which condition?
• Which lung cancer is described as growing slowly but metastasizing widely?
• Mediastinal shift toward the atelectatic lung occurs in which atelectasis?
• Chronic bronchitis involves a persistent productive cough with sputum production for at least how many months per year and for at least how many consecutive years?
• In a middle-aged man with hyperinflation and smoking history, which factor contributes to the pathogenesis of his lung disease?
• Sequestration that occurs within the lung and shares the pleura with the healthy lung is called?
• Which disease's major manifestations may consist only of fever, headache, muscle aches, and pains in the legs?
• Which enzyme maintains telomeres at chromosome ends?
• Which is the most prevalent chronic occupational lung disease in the world?
• Which feature defines acute lung injury?
• A patient with lung cancer develops ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis on one side. This constellation is known as?
• T/F: 15% of cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae will have positive blood cultures in the early phase.
• "Walking pneumonia" is caused by which organism?
• Which bacterium causes tuberculosis?
• A 40-year-old woman with necrotizing pneumonia shows dilatation of the right lower lobe bronchi. Which mechanism best explains bronchial dilatation?
• Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months out of the year in at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other cause?
• Which pulmonary lesion is classically described as a round radiographic opacity resembling a coin?
• Which of the following is a clinical feature of ALI/ARDS?
• In acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, what fibrous layer of protein-rich edema and debris settles in the alveoli?
• Charcot-Leyden crystals are crystals derived from eosinophil proteins and seen in which condition?
• A shipyard worker with asbestos exposure shows left calcified pleural plaques on chest radiograph. Which statement is true?
• Which pair represents the two procedures described for respiratory evaluation in the material?
• In chronic bronchitis, the earliest feature is increased mucus production due to which histologic change?
• Which statement best describes the hemodynamic change that leads to elevated pulmonary artery pressure?
• With NSAID COX inhibition, which mediators predominate that can cause bronchoconstriction?
• Which cells are responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli?
• Which type of asthma is the most common, IgE-mediated, and triggered by environmental allergens?
• What term describes increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries?
• Which are the two types of pulmonary sequestrations?
• Mediastinal shift toward the atelectatic lung is a characteristic finding of which atelectasis?
• In a young child with pneumonia symptoms, purulent sputum, and Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococci in sputum, which bacterium is most likely?
• Smooth muscle remodeling involves which change?
• Most common foregut cyst.
• Blue bloater is commonly associated with which chronic lung condition?
• Which disease is caused by inhalation of silica dust?
• Exposure to asbestos increases lung cancer risk fivefold; which non-malignant asbestos-related lung disease is classically associated?
• The statement 'Emphysema is a reversible enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles' is true?
• What is the distal consequence of a completely obstructed airway?
• Most common presenting form of sarcoidosis (90% of cases) is:
• Carcinoma is a cancer arising in which tissue type?
• Common triggers to non-atopic asthma include which of the following?
• The majority (about 95%) of pulmonary emboli originate from which source?
• Which is the feature common to obstructive diseases?
• Which type of lung disease is defined by increased resistance to airflow?
• Restrictive lung disease is primarily characterized by which finding?
• Intraluminal growth projecting into the lumen of a bronchus with intact mucosa, associated with collar-button lesions, is most characteristic of which tumor category?
• Histoplasmosis is acquired by inhalation of spores from soil contaminated with bird or bat droppings. This describes which infection?
• In airway remodeling of asthma, sub-basement membrane changes include which process?
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is diagnosed by which two methods?
• Which group of pulmonary hypertension includes COPD and interstitial lung disease?